Chandryaan-2 is the second lunar exploration mission, designed and launched by ISRO (Indian Space Research Organization). ISRO is world famous for their low budget and high quality work. chandryaan 2 is second version of chandryaan-1 launched in 2008.it is a most ambitious mission of ISRO which start form 2008. it completely developed by India itself.
The lunar south pole is so important because this area the shadow remains larger than the north lunar pole, hence there is the high possibility of presence of permanent water and also the fossil of solar system.
.jpg "GSLV MK-III") |
| GSLV MK-III photo credit : wikipedia |
Launching
Chandryaan 2 mission launched 22 July 2019 at 2:43 PM IST from second launchpad of Satish Dhawan Space Center, Srihrikota by the India's most powerful launcher GSLV MK III ( Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark III ). the launcher carry the space craft consisting three main part orbiter, lander and rover with total weight of 3,850 kg. Estimated budget of this mission is approximately 978 crore (approximately 141 USD). on 20 august the space craft reach the orbit of moon and began to orbiting of moon and positioning the landing site of lander. the landing of vikram scheduled on 7 august at the latitude 70 degree on south pole of moon. if lander land successfully then the India become 4th country after Russia, USA and China to land their lander and rover on moon surface and India became the 1st country which reach at the south lunar pole.
Objectives of the mission
The Chandryaan-1 was found the water on the lunar surface hence the main objectives of chandryaan 2 is to further studies of lunar water and its distribution over the lunar surface. it also help to understand the growth of inner solar system and provide the evidence to some theories of origin of moon which need the further explanation.
The lunar south pole is so important because this area the shadow remains larger than the north lunar pole, hence there is the high possibility of presence of permanent water and also the fossil of solar system.
The orbiter move 100 km from lunar surface and work for one year. while the lander and rover will work for a lunar day (14 earth days) and send data to orbiter which sends to ISRO.
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| Chandryaan 2 mission overviews photo credit : wikipedia |
Designing of Chandryaan-2
Chandryaan 2 is designed by three main part orbiter, lander and rover each also carry some scientific instruments. every part of mission designed in India. ISRO used their most powerful launch vehicle GSLV MK-III to launching craft.
In November 2007 ISRO and Russian Federal Space Agency signed an agreement to work together on Chandryaan 2 mission. the priority of ISRO to design the orbiter and rover and of Russia to design lander. on august 2009 the design was completed by both side. ISRO was scheduled mission for January 2013 but at that time Russia was unable to provide the lander for mission hence ISRO postponed their mission for 2016. Russia refuse to providing lander in 2015 then India decided to develop their lander independently. now further it rescheduled for 2018. Finlay it scheduled for 14 July 2019 but some technical issues found before launch and launch again rescheduled. on 22 july 2019 the mission launched by GSLV MK-III.
Orbiter
On 22 august the orbiter enter in the orbit of moon and as September it orbiting at altitude of 100 km from lunar surface. orbiter carry eight scientific instruments, two are the modified instrument used in Chndryaan-1. it have the Orbiter High Resolution Camera (OHRC) will conduct high-resolution observations of the landing site of vikram lander. the main orbiter structure was manufactured by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited for ISRO. the total weight of orbiter is 2,379kg and the Electric Power Generating Capability is 1,000 W.
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| Orbiter of Chandryaan-2 photo credit : isro.gov.in |
Vikram Lander
The mission lander named Vikram on the honour of father of Indian space program Dr. Vikram Sarabhai. the lander designed to safely land with 12 degree slope on the lunar south pole. lander also consist the several scientific instrument like a high resolution camera, Laser Altimeter (LASA),[ Lander Hazard Detection Avoidance Camera (LHDAC), Lander Position Detection Camera (LPDC), Lander Horizontal Velocity Camera (LHVC), an 800 N throttleable liquid main engine,altitude thruster, Ka band radio altimeters (KaRA), Laser Inertial Reference & Accelerometer Package (LIRAP), and the software needed to run these components. the total wieght of lander is 1,471 kg with electric power generating capability 650 W.
on 2 September the lander leave the orbiter at altitue 100 km and moving to landing site on moon with great speed. on 6 September the lander lost the connection at 2.1 km above the lunar surface just before a second of touchdown. the ISRO chief K. Shivan was announced on 8 September that the position of lander is found on lunar surface and scientist are still trying to make a connection with lander till a lunar day (14 earth days).
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| Vikram lander : Chandryaan -2 photo credit : isro.gov.in |
Pragyan Rover
The mission's rover is called Pragyan ( प्रज्ञान, means 'Wisdom). The rover's mass is about 27 kg and will operate on solar power. The rover will move on 6 wheels traversing 500 meters on the lunar surface at the rate of 1 cm per second, performing on-site chemical analysis and sending the data to the lander, which will relay it to the Mission Control on the Earth. For navigation, the rover uses:
- Stereoscopic camera-based 3D vision: two 1 mega pixel, monochromatic NAVCAMs in front of the rover will provide the ground control team a 3D view of the surrounding terrain, and help in path-planning by generating a digital elevation model of the terrain.IIT Kanpur contributed to the development of the subsystems for light-based map generation and motion planning for the rover.
- Control and motor dynamics: the rover has a rocker-bogie suspension system and six wheels, each driven by independent brushless DC electric motors. Steering is accomplished by differential speed of the wheels or skid steering.
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| Pragyan Rover photo credit : isro.gov.in |
Is Chandryaan-2 is successful or failed !
On 7 september at 1:55 AM the ISRO communication center lost the communication with their lander vikram just before a second of touchdown at the altitude of 2.1 km above the lunar surface. But this doesn't mean that the mission is failed completely failed the 95% of the mission is going to successfully only 5% of mission goes to failure. but we still hoped that isro will establish communication with lander. on 8 September the ISRO chief announced the lander is detected on the moon by orbiter and the team of scientist still trying to communicate with it. if ISRO become successful of communicate lander again then India become the 1st country to land on the south pole of moon.
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